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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Academic Writing - “‘His Native, Hot Country’: Racial Science and Environment in Antebellum American Medical Thought.” The Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 2017</image:title>
      <image:caption>“His Native, Hot Country” relates how concepts of the environment changed over time in early American medical thought about race. In the late colonial and early national periods, physicians saw climate as creating and shaping racial differences, where all people were healthiest in temperate climates. By the end of the antebellum period, however, physicians argued that each race was specifically suited for health issues of different climates. In practice, then, by the time of the U.S. Civil War, physicians advocated for the white supremacist notion that people of African descent were healthiest under the condition of slave labor in the tropics.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Academic Writing - “Running Away from Drapetomania: Samuel A. Cartwright, Medicine, and Race in the Antebellum South.” The Journal of Southern History. 2018</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Running Away from Drapetomania” rethinks the antebellum New Orleans physician and enslaver Samuel A. Cartwright, arguing that understanding his ideas’ (and race science’s more generally) negative influence on American culture, requires recognizing how this type of thinking was normative to American medicine in the nineteenth century.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2020-01-06</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Christopher D. E. Willoughby</image:title>
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    <lastmod>2023-06-28</lastmod>
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    <lastmod>2023-11-10</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Book Projects - Collected Without Consent: A Global History of Harvard Medical School’s Racial Skulls</image:title>
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      <image:title>Book Projects - Capitalism and Medicine: A History</image:title>
      <image:caption>Capitalism and Medicine: A History</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2022-11-14</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Medicine and Healing in the Age of Slavery (Book) - Medicine and Healing in the Age of Slavery</image:title>
      <image:caption>Medicine and Healing in the Age of Slavery is a collection of essays about the formative role of slavery in shaping the various healing traditions of the Atlantic World, including European cosmologies such as medicine but also examining how slavery affected African diasporic approaches to healing such as Vodou and Candomblé along with the hidden impacts of Taino healing. With essays from leading and junior scholars alike, this volume takes stock of the past and future of studying the history of medicine and healing in the age of slavery, revealing how medicine was just one of many healing cosmologies in the Atlantic World. Likewise, this volume covers the breadth of the Atlantic, with essays on the Anglo, Dutch, Franco, Iberian, and Lusophone Atlantic Worlds. Edited by Sean Morey Smith and Christopher D.E. Willoughby and published by the Louisiana State University in November 2021, scroll down to see advanced praise and the table of contents.</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://www.christopherdewilloughby.com/masters-of-health</loc>
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    <lastmod>2024-02-20</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Masters of Health - Masters of Health</image:title>
      <image:caption>Medical science in antebellum America was organized around a paradox: it presumed African Americans to be less than human yet still human enough to be viable as experimental subjects, as cadavers, and for use in the training of medical students. By taking a hard look at the racial ideas of both northern and southern medical schools, Christopher D. E. Willoughby reveals that racist ideas were not external to the medical profession but fundamental to medical knowledge. In this history of racial thinking and slavery in American medical schools, the founders and early faculty of these schools emerge as singularly influential proponents of white supremacist racial science. They pushed an understanding of race influenced by the theory of polygenesis—that each race was created separately and as different species—which they supported by training students to collect and measure human skulls from around the world. Medical students came to see themselves as masters of Black people's bodies through stealing Black people’s corpses, experimenting on enslaved people, and practicing distinctive therapeutics on Black patients. In documenting these practices &lt;i&gt;Masters of Health&lt;/i&gt; charts the rise of racist theories in U.S. medical schools, throwing new light on the extensive legacies of slavery in modern medicine.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2024-07-01</lastmod>
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